教育如何影响政治？
叶阳永
本节内容
- 教育与社会稳定
- 教育与行政质量
- 教育与民主化进程
- 教育与参与行为
- 教育与意识形态
Elite Recruitment and Political Stability: The Impact of the Abolition of China’s Civil Service Exam.
- Bai, Y., & Jia, R. (2016). Elite Recruitment and Political Stability: The Impact of the Abolition of China’s Civil Service Exam. Econometrica, 84(2), 677–733.
结论
- 1905年科举制度的废除促进了革命党的产生，以致辛亥革命的发生。
这一结论是怎么成立的？
##
机制分析
- elite eligibility
- elite resistance
- state capacity
- modern human capital
拓展讨论
- 为什么教育可以促进社会稳定？
拓展讨论
1977年，恢复高考
1999年，高考扩张
2004年，中职扩招
2019年，高职扩招一百万
2020年，研究生扩招超过20％
The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism, and the Communist Collapse.
- Darden, K., & Grzymala-Busse, A. (2006). The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism, and the Communist Collapse. World Politics, 59(1), 83–115
讨论
- 为什么教育与共产主义的退出呈现这么强的相关性？
讨论
是因为教育普及所形成的国家主义理念。
- 有利于传播国家主义
- 直接灌输国家主义
- 学校与教师保证实现
为什么会发生？
- 共产主义是一个外来力量？
- 共产主义是一个敌对力量？
- 共产主义并没有带来进步。（和过去，和周边比较）
讨论
- 已经过60年，为什么之前形成的国家主义管观念没有发生改变？
- 选民在投票的时候，是否是真实的意识表示？如果是的话，那么国家意识起到多大作用，毕竟共产党也是本国人？
- 1990年时，经济情况的影响如何？
Long-lasting effects of socialist education.
- Fuchs-Schündeln, Nicola and Masella, Paolo (2016 )Long-lasting effects of socialist education. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98 (3). pp. 428-441.
What is the socialist education?
- content
- teaching style
- admission policy
What is the impact of socialist education?
- college graduation
- employment
- wage
- working hour
- professional vocation
Education, Complaints, and Accountability.
- Botero, J., Ponce, A., & Shleifer, A. (2013). Education, Complaints, and Accountability. Journal of Law and Economics, 56(4), 959–996.
An observed regularity
Conclusions
educated people complain more,
citizens complain more in countries with a higher probability of action being taken against a misbehaving official,
better-educated countries have a lower incidence of public misconduct.
Why is this?
- Educated people might merely know better how to complain effectively;
- Educated people are more prosocial, share common values, and are less tolerant of injustice;
- Educated people as less fearful of official reprisals.
教育如何促进政治文明？
- 培养具有公益心的人
- 培养具有参与意识与参与能力的人
- 培养具有参与政治的能力的人
Why does democracy need education?
Why does democracy need education?
- The political success of a democracy hinges on having a large number of supporters whose benefits of political participation are sufficiently high that they fight for it even in the absence of direct rewards. Education supplies such supporters and stabilizes democracy.
- Conversely, in countries with low levels of education, dictatorship or oligarchy is more stable than democracy, because only dictatorships offer the strong top-down incentives needed to induce people to defend them.
Why does democracy need education?
- Participation
- Cooperation
Why does democracy need education?
Why do some dictators invest in education if they know that doing so eventually dooms them?
- One is that many dictators face an external threat, and therefore must grow their economies and their armies (including investing in human capital) to counter these threats.
- Selfish dictators unconcerned with external threats might derive income from economic growth, and therefore promote education to get richer.
- All dictators face significant ouster risks, and that it is much better for the dictator’s life for him to be replaced by a democracy in an educated country than by another dictator in an uneducated one.
教育如何促进政治文明?
个体的命运不受他人恣意的摆布
个体创造的财富不受他人恣意的占有
我们所有的努力都是减少这种恣意，让每一个人掌握自己的命运，通过自己的努力，创造价值，享受生活。
个体对于自己命运的掌控感即是衡量社会民主的尺度。
课程总结讨论
用政治学的视角来看教育的问题有什么特征？
如果说自己是用政治学的视角在研究教育问题，其特征是什么？
- 不仅关注教育政策的目标与成效，更为主要是关注政策是如何决定与执行的？
- 关注人在教育资源分配中的作用？很多时候，要透过组织、制度、政策、事件等要素，看到人，看到人性及其政治观？
- 关注不同个人或组织在利益上的差异性？每个人都是自私的。因此，个体之间，由人组成的组织之间永远存在利益的冲突？
- 关注权力配置对资源配置的作用，政府间、部门间权力分配制约着教育资源的分配。
基本假设
- 政策是政治的产物
- 政治是人与人之间斗争、 合作、妥协的过程
- 政治是设定、分配、使用权力的活动
- 制度是人造物
- 机构是由人组成的
- 人的偏好是不同的
- 人的能力是有限的
讨论
政治学视角能给教育研究带来哪些利好?