Obedience must come from inner conviction rather than external force.
Schools became a central target of state policy precisely because they offered an instrument for exacting obedience in a less coercive fashion.
They stressed that popular education would help create and preserve a disciplined labor force.
1713,Christian Thomasius, professor of law a Halle and prominent figure in the German Enlightenment, complained that large of numbers of plebeian university students deprived the state of laborers and were a corrupting influence on their “upright and honest” colleagues.
“As long as the peasant’s moral character is not reformed, his indolence and resentment toward his lord will persist, He will continue to consider even the slightest chore too difficult, and will lack any interest in the acquisition of property. But if one improves his character before reducing his excessive labor obligations, this education will muffle his discontent and suppress the dangerous impulses bred by constant maltreatment.”
“If they know too much, …… will run off to the cities and want to become secretaries or some such things.”
德国义务教育
德国义务教育
英国义务教育
17、18世纪，主要是教会提供针对贫苦孩子的教会学校；
1870,Elementary Education Act 1870,England and Wales,建立地方教育当局，并提供财政拨款发展基础教育，财政主要是由基层财政来负担；
Share of the population living in towns of more than 10,000 people in selected countries of Western Europe in years between 1500 and 1890
日本义务教育
1872，《教育训令》，8个大学区，32个中学区，210个小学区。学习西学。中央集权
1890，三年教育；The Imperial Rescript on Education,强化爱国忠君思想；
1898，义务教育入学率达69％，
1900，义务教育免费，自动升级；
1907，四年提高为6年，
1920，现代教育系统基本建立，
日本义务教育
日本义务教育
法国义务教育
教育与民主
Paglayan, A. S. (2021). The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years. American Political Science Review, 115(1), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000647
教育与民主
Paglayan, A. S. (2021). The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years. American Political Science Review, 115(1), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000647
教育与民主
Paglayan, A. S. (2021). The Non-Democratic Roots of Mass Education: Evidence from 200 Years. American Political Science Review, 115(1), 179–198. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0003055420000647
教育与民主
Acemoglu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. A., & Yared, P. (2005). From Education to Democracy? American Economic Review, 95(2), 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282805774669916
教育与民主
Darden, K., & Grzymala-Busse, A. (2006). The Great Divide: Literacy, Nationalism, and the Communist Collapse. World Politics, 59(1), 83–115. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.2007.0015
